Introduction to Energetics

• Semester 4, position 4

The aim is to obtain academic knowledge about the processes and equipment for exploitation of fossil fuels’ primary energy, hydropower, nuclear power, geothermal, solar and wind energy, conversion and transformation of primary into secondary energy forms, such as heat, mechanical work, electricity, transport as well as distribution of energy and working fluid, energy storage, and utilization of energy in final consumption for heating, air conditioning and refrigeration.

Students acquire basic knowledge of technological systems, energy equipment and processes in thermal power plants, hydro power plants, boiler plants, nuclear power plants and heating systems, refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Students become familiar with the processes and technical solutions of turbomachinery, such as water turbines, steam and gas turbines, pumps, fans and compressors, as well as advanced methods and solutions for efficient energy consumption, environmental protection and analysis of macroenergy system.

Macroenergy systems and energy flows. Energy, economic and technological indicators of the energy system. Energy of fluid flow, the basic operating principles of turbomachinery, a classification according to the direction of energy transfer, the type of fluid. Pumps and pumping stations. Hydroenergy plants and hydraulic machines. The basic operating principles of steam turbines and their application. The basic operating principles of gas turbines and their application. Thermal power plants and the outline of the main and auxiliary technological systems. Heat and electricity co-generation. Environmental protection in thermoenergetics. Boiler plants, boilers and appliances. Application of boilers. Appliances and furnaces for burning solid (coal, biomass, urban waste), liquid and gaseous fuels. Machines for cooling/refrigeration, natural and artificial cooling. The processes and equipment for obtaining low temperatures. Systems for heating, ventilation, air conditioning and hot water. The energy efficiency in heating and air conditioning. New and renewable energy sources.

Energy consumption in the World and in Serbia. Examples of development of pumps, fans and water turbines. Demonstration of pumps with corresponding fittings in laboratory installation. Hydroelectric power plants. Heat and technological schemes, the basic systems and components of steam power plants. Gas turbines application in energetics and transport. Examples of combined cycle power plants. The calculation of fuel consumption and thermal power plants’ efficiency. Emissions of exhaust gasses and environmental protection in thermoenergetics. A visit to a thermal power plant or a laboratory. Chronological development of steam boilers. Classification of heat boilers according to heat carrier (hot water, pressurized water and steam). Basic components of the boiler. Applications of refrigerant equipment and heat pumps. Energy consumption for heating of flats in Belgrade. Calculation of annual energy consumption for heating of various types of housing and different levels of thermal insulation. Examples of energy efficiency in the field of air conditioning, heating and refrigerant systems in the World and in Serbia.

It is advisable to have passed the following exams: Mathematics 1 and Physics and measurements.

Course handouts.

Total assigned hours: 75

New material: 20
Elaboration and examples (recapitulation): 10

Auditory exercises: 30
Laboratory exercises: 0
Calculation tasks: 0
Seminar paper: 0
Project: 0
Consultations: 0
Discussion/workshop: 0
Research study work: 0

Review and grading of calculation tasks: 0
Review and grading of lab reports: 0
Review and grading of seminar papers: 0
Review and grading of the project: 0
Test: 5
Test: 5
Final exam: 5

Activity during lectures: 0
Test/test: 70
Laboratory practice: 0
Calculation tasks: 0
Seminar paper: 0
Project: 0
Final exam: 30
Requirement for taking the exam (required number of points): 30

Kleinpeter, M., Energy Planning and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995.; Chateau, B., Lapillonne, B., Energy Demand: Facts and Trends, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982.; Woodruff, E., B., Lammers, H.B., Lammers, T.F., Steam Plant Operation, McGraw-Hill, 1998. ; Eastop, T.D., Croft, D.R., Energy Efficiency, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, 1990. ; Крсмановић, Љ., Гајић, А., Турбомашине – теоријске основе,Машински факултет, Београд, 2005.