• Semester 6, position 3

The objective of the course is for the student to: understand the concept of energy and the transformation of energy from one form to another; understand the concept and composition of fuel, the possibilities of using fuel for energy purposes and as raw materials in conversion processes; perceive the principles of fuel characterization and understand the basics of the combustion process based on the material and heat balance; understand the criteria for the classification of fuel according to the aggregate state (solid, liquid and gaseous), the degree of processing (natural and produced) and origin (fossil and renewable); perceive the origin and way of formation of fuel (organic and inorganic theory), methods of fuel production, understand the application of fuel in engineering practice, especially from the aspect of the fuel - combustion device; understand the most important characteristics of fuel and their importance for the combustion process; examine the manner of presentation and the importance of data on fuel reserves; understand the relationship between reserves and fuel consumption; perceive the importance of the concept of energy independence; understand the concept of friction and wear; perceive the importance and types of lubrication; understand the classification of lubricants according to aggregate state; perceive the basic characteristics of lubricants and the possibilities of their application in machine parts and assemblies; master the knowledge of the most important characteristics of lubricants from the aspect of application; understand the concept and importance of industrial water; perceive the classification of water according to origin; perceive the distribution of impurities in water and the impact on water characteristics for industrial applications; understand phenomena that occur as a result of the presence of impurities in water; understand the importance and method of using water as a cooling fluid for IC engines.

After successfully passing the exam in this course, the student will be able to: apply the concept of fuel analysis in order to obtain fuel characteristics; compares fuels according to the data of ultimate and proximate analysis and determines their advantages and disadvantages; carry out the basic material and heat balance of the combustion process - determine the required amount of air for the combustion process, the amount and composition of gaseous products of combustion, the combustion temperature; analyze fuel production processes and their impact on fuel characteristics; make a choice of fuel depending on the process in which the fuel will be used; select the most important characteristics of fuel for use in combustion processes, especially from the aspect of achieving requirements for energy efficiency and reducing the pollution from gaseous combustion products; perform an analysis of fuel reserves and fuel consumption; perform recalculations of the required quantities when replacing one fuel with another; determine the characteristics of the fuel when adjusting the fuel; analyze and compare fuel according to the adopted criteria important for the application; analyze the appearance of friction depending on the type of movement of parts in contact; perceive the intensity of wear and tear; select the lubrication method and analyze the characteristics of the lubricant with the aim of choosing the appropriate lubricant; perform a selection of lubricant characteristics that should be monitored during the exploitation process; understand water treatment methods depending on dissolved impurities in water and purpose; choose the appropriate water treatment process; make an analysis of water characteristics that should be monitored in practice (during processing and application in specific plants); identify problems that have arisen due to inadequate preparation of water and determines ways of eliminating the problems that have arisen.

The concept of energy and the importance of transformations. Fuel and the basics of combustion. Characterization of fuel - ultimate and proximate analysis of fuel. Amount and composition of combustion products. Combustion temperature, definition, types and methods of determination. Classification of fuel according to aggregate state: solid (peat, coal, biomass), liquid (petroleum, gasoline, gas oils, heating oils, alcohols, biodiesel) and gaseous (natural gas, compressed natural gas, liquid natural gas, liquid petroleum gas, hydrogen, biogas). Classification of fuel according to the degree of processing. Solid fuels, origin, production methods, classification, significant characteristics and applications. Liquid fuels, origin, production methods, classification, significant characteristics and applications. Gaseous fuels, origin, production methods, classification, significant characteristics and applications. Fuel reserves. Fuel consumption and future fuel use strategies. Friction, wear and lubrication. Lubricants: types of lubricants, basic characteristics important for application, application of lubricants. Industrial water: types of water and basic properties. Impurities in water and the consequences of their presence. Preparation of water for use in industrial purposes (removal of dissolved salts and gases in water). Quality requirements for water used for industrial purposes.

Conversion of composition from one basis of solid fuel to another. Calculation of fuel heating value. Elements of stoichiometry. Calculation of combustion temperature. Determination of characteristics of proximate analysis of solid fuels. Determination of the heating value of solid and liquid fuels using a bomb calorimeter and determination of the heating value of gaseous and liquid fuels using a Junkers calorimeter. Determination of the distillation curve of liquid fuels. The significance of the most important temperatures on the distillation curve. Characteristics of liquid fuels at elevated and reduced temperatures. Determination of flash point and cold filter plugging point. Quality control and the importance of applying fuel standards. Determination of viscosity of liquid fuels and lubricants (dynamic, kinematic and relative viscosity). Determining the basic characteristics of lubricating grease. Determination of hardness and acidity of water.

No special requirements.

Experimental equipment: bomb calorimeter muffle furnace analytical balance equipment for density measurements - set of aerometers equipment for viscosity measurement - viscosimeter equipment for flash point detection simultaneous thermal analyzer (TG+DTG).

Total assigned hours: 75

New material: 30
Elaboration and examples (recapitulation): 0

Auditory exercises: 8
Laboratory exercises: 20
Calculation tasks: 2
Seminar paper: 0
Project: 0
Consultations: 0
Discussion/workshop: 0
Research study work: 0

Review and grading of calculation tasks: 2
Review and grading of lab reports: 3
Review and grading of seminar papers: 0
Review and grading of the project: 0
Test: 0
Test: 5
Final exam: 5

Activity during lectures: 5
Test/test: 40
Laboratory practice: 10
Calculation tasks: 5
Seminar paper: 0
Project: 0
Final exam: 40
Requirement for taking the exam (required number of points): 30

Milan Radovanovic: Fuel, pp.298, ISBN: 86-7083-246-1, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, 1994.; Milan Radovanovic: Industrial Water, pp.73, ISBN: 86-7083-278-X, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, 1996.; Aleksandar Rac: Lubricants, pp.317, ISBN: 978-86-7083-595-5, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, 2007.; Vladimir Jovanovic: Handbook for laboratory exercises in Fuels, Lubricants and Indusrial Water, pp.197, ISBN: 978-86-6060-095-2, Машински факултет Београд, Београд, 2021.; Petar Gvero, Ljiljana Vukic, Tatjana Botic, Fuel, Lubricants and Industrial Water, pp.411, ISBN: 978-99938-39-935-4, University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Banja Luka, 2021.