• Thermal Energy, Semester 3, position 3

The aims of the subject are acquiring academic knowledge about processes and equipment for steam generation in thermal power plants, building and mastering skills in scientific and engineering methods for the prediction, analyses and research of thermal-hydraulic processes in steam generators, as well as skills in methods for the design, safety analyses and diagnostics of the operational conditions of the steam generators.

Mastering the course the students are able to simulate and analyze processes, design equipment and prescribe operational conditions in steam generators by applying the modern scientific and engineering methods for various conditions of exploitation. Also, the application of acquired knowledge and skills in every stage of design, manufacture and exploitation provide the safe, reliable and economically and energetically efficient operation of steam generators.

Design of steam generators; thermal-hydraulic parameters of vapour and liquid two-phase flow: static, flow and thermodynamic quality, vapour void fraction, two-phase mixture density, superficial velocity, two-phase flow mass flux, slip factor, drift velocity, etc.; heat transfer mechanisms in convective heating, boiling and superheating of working fluids or heat carriers; the critical heat flux; pressure change in two-phase flow; modelling of thermal-hydraulic processes in steam generators: the homogeneous model, the slip model, the two-fluid and multi-fluid models of two-phase mixture flows; numerical methods for solving the thermal-hydraulic models of two-phase flow; computer simulations of operational conditions of steam generators; pressure waves propagation and dynamic loads of pipelines in transient conditions; the chocked flow; the condensation induced water hammer; two-phase flow instabilities; steam separation.

Prediction of two-phase flow parameters for various geometry and boundary conditions. Calculation of two-phase flow pressure drop. Calculation of mass, momentum and energy balances in evaporating channel. Prediction of boiling and dry-out boundaries in evaporating channels. Calculation of thermal-hydraulic parameters in circulation loops in steam generators. A development of one-phase and two-phase flow models for the simulation and analyses of two-phase flow in evaporating channels: mass, momentum and energy balance equations, closure laws for interfacial transport processes. Numerical methods fro two-phase flow models solving. Computer simulations of circulation loops in steam generators at full and partial loads. Modelling and computer simulation of pressure transients in pressurizers filled with vapour and liquid phases.

Passed exams in Thermodynamics, Fluid mechanics and Numerical methods.

Subject handouts. Stevanović, V., Thermal-Hydraulics of Steam Generators – Modelling and Numerical Simulation, Monograph, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, 2006, ISBN 86-7083-569-X. Personal computers. Software for the solving of systems of differential equations. Software for the simulation and analyses of pressure transients in pipeline networks and pressurizers.

Total assigned hours: 75

New material: 20
Elaboration and examples (recapitulation): 10

Auditory exercises: 5
Laboratory exercises: 0
Calculation tasks: 0
Seminar paper: 0
Project: 25
Consultations: 0
Discussion/workshop: 0
Research study work: 0

Review and grading of calculation tasks: 0
Review and grading of lab reports: 0
Review and grading of seminar papers: 0
Review and grading of the project: 5
Test: 5
Test: 0
Final exam: 5

Activity during lectures: 5
Test/test: 35
Laboratory practice: 0
Calculation tasks: 0
Seminar paper: 0
Project: 30
Final exam: 30
Requirement for taking the exam (required number of points): 30

Ishigai, S., Steam Power Engineering - Thermal and Hydraulic Design Principles, Cambridge University Press, 2010. ; Reznikov, M.I., Lipov, Yu.M., Steam Boilers of Thermal Power Plants, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1985.; Whalley, P.B., Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer, Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, 1996. ; Delhaye, J.M., Thermohydraulics of Two-Phase Systems for Industrial Design and Nuclear Engineering, Hemisphere, 1981.; Stevanović, V., Thermal-Hydraulics of Steam Generators – Modelling and Numerical Simulation, Monograph, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, 2006, ISBN 86-7083-569-X.